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✦Introduction

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✦Overview

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✦History

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✦Environment Setup

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✦Program Structure

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✦Hello, world.

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✦Identifiers

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✦Constants - ordinary & typed

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✦Variables

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✦Declaration

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✦Scope

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✦Initialized variables

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✦Initializing variables using default

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✦Thread Variables

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✦Properties

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✦Turbo reserved keywords

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✦object reserved keywords

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✦Integer

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✦Word

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✦LongInt

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✦Real

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✦Boolean

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✦Character types

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✦Char or AnsiChar

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✦WideChar

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✦Other character types

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✦Single-byte String types

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✦Multi-byte String types

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✦Constant strings

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✦PChar – Null terminated strings

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✦String sizes

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✦Structured Types

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✦Arrays

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✦Record types

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✦Set types

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✦File types

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✦Pointers

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✦Forward type declarations

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✦Procedural types

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✦Variant types

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✦Type aliases

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✦Managed types

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✦Arithmetic operators

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✦Logical operators

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✦Boolean operators

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✦String operators

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✦Dynamic array operators

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✦Set operators

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✦Relational operators

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✦Class operators

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✦input and output

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✦if else

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✦if then

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✦if then else

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✦nested if

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✦case

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✦case else

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✦nested case

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✦for do

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✦while do

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✦repeat until

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✦nested

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✦for in

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✦For..to/downto..do

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✦For..in..do

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✦With

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✦break

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✦continue

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✦goto

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✦Subprograms

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✦procedure

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✦functions

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✦call by value & reference

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✦arguments and parameters

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✦Programs

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✦Units

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✦Namespaces: Dotted Units

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✦Unit dependencies

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✦Blocks

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✦Scope Overview

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✦Block scope

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✦Record scope

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✦Class scope

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✦Unit scope

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✦recursion

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✦forward referencing

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✦Strings

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✦substrings

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✦slicing

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✦string to char array

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✦search in string

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✦string functions

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✦Arrays

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✦static array

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✦dynamic array

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✦Dynamic array Type compatibility

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✦Dynamic array constructor

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✦Packing and unpacking an array

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✦Objects Overview

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✦Declaration

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✦Abstract and sealed objects

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✦Fields

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✦Class or Static fields

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✦Constructors and destructors

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✦Methods

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✦Visibility

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✦Classes Overview

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✦Class definitions

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✦Abstract and sealed classes

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✦Normal fields/variables

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✦Class fields/variables

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✦Class instantiation

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✦Class destruction

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✦Class properties

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✦Nested types, constants and variables

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✦Invocation

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✦Virtual methods

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✦Class methods

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✦Class constructors and destructors

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✦Static class methods

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✦Message methods

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✦Using inherited

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✦Properties

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✦Definition

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✦Indexed properties

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✦Array properties

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✦Default properties

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✦Published properties

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✦Storage information

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✦Overriding and redeclaring properties

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✦Interfaces overview

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✦Definition

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✦Interface identification: A GUID

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✦Interface implementations

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✦Interface inheritance

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✦Interface delegation

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✦Interfaces and COM

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✦CORBA and other Interfaces

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✦Reference counting

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✦Generics Overview

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✦Generic type definition

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✦Generic type specialization

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✦Generic type restrictions

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✦Delphi compatibility

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✦Syntax elements

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✦Record type restrictions

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✦Type overloads

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✦Name space considerations

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✦Type compatibility

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✦Using the default intrinsic

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✦A word about scope

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✦Operator overloading and generics

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✦Objective-Pascal Classes

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✦Introduction

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✦Objective-Pascal class declarations

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✦Formal declaration

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✦Allocating and de-allocating Instances

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✦Protocol definitions

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✦Categories

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✦Name scope and Identifiers

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✦Selectors

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✦The id type

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✦Enumeration in Objective-C classes

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✦Exceptions

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✦The raise statement

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✦The try...except statement

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✦The try...finally statement

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✦Exception handling nesting

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✦Exception classes

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✦Using assembler

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✦Assembler statements

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✦Assembler procedures and functions

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✦Sysutil

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✦String functions

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✦AnsiCompareStr

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✦AnsiCompareText

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✦AnsiExtractQuotedStr

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✦AnsiLastChar

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✦AnsiLowerCase

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✦AnsiQuotedStr

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✦AnsiStrComp

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✦AnsiStrIComp

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✦AnsiStrLComp

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✦AnsiStrLIComp

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✦AnsiStrLastChar

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✦AnsiStrLower

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✦AnsiStrUpper

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✦AnsiUpperCase

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✦AppendStr

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✦AssignStr

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✦CompareStr

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✦CompareText

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✦DisposeStr

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✦IsValidIdent

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✦LastDelimiter

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✦LeftStr

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✦LoadStr

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✦LowerCase

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✦NewStr

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✦RightStr

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✦StrAlloc

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✦StrBufSize

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✦StrDispose

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✦StrPas

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✦StrPCopy

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✦StrPLCopy

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✦UpperCase

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✦BinStr

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✦Chr

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✦Concat

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✦Copy

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✦Delete

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✦HexStr

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✦Insert

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✦Length

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✦Lowercase

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✦OctStr

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✦Pos

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✦SetLength

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✦SetString

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✦Str

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✦StringOfChar

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✦Upcase

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✦Val

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✦pchar functions

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✦StrCat

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✦StrComp

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✦StrCopy

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✦StrECopy

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✦StrEnd

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✦StrIComp

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✦StrLCat

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✦StrLComp

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✦StrLCopy

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✦StrLen

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✦StrLIComp

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✦StrLower

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✦StrMove

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✦StrNew

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✦StrPos

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✦StrRScan

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✦StrScan

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✦StrUpper

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✦conversion routines

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✦BCDToInt

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✦CompareMem

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✦FloatToStrF

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✦FloatToStr

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✦FloatToText

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✦FormatFloat

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✦GetDirs

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✦IntToHex

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✦IntToStr

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✦StrToIntDef

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✦StrToInt

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✦StrToFloat

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✦TextToFloat

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✦Date and time functions

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✦DateTimeToFileDate

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✦DateTimeToStr

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✦DateTimeToString

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✦DateTimeToSystemTime

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✦DateTimeToTimeStamp

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✦DateToStr

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✦Date

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✦DayOfWeek

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✦DecodeDate

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✦DecodeTime

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✦EncodeDate

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✦EncodeTime

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✦FormatDateTime

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✦IncMonth

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✦IsLeapYear

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✦MSecsToTimeStamp

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✦Now

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✦StrToDateTime

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✦StrToDate

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✦StrToTime

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✦SystemTimeToDateTime

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✦TimeStampToDateTime

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✦TimeStampToMSecs

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✦TimeToStr

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✦Time

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✦filename handling routines

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✦AnsiCompareFileName

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✦AnsiLowerCaseFileName

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✦AnsiUpperCaseFileName

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✦AddDisk

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✦ChangeFileExt

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✦CreateDir

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✦DeleteFile

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✦DiskFree

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✦DiskSize

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✦ExpandFileName

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✦ExpandFileNameCase

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✦ExpandUNCFileName

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✦ExtractFileDir

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✦ExtractFileDrive

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✦ExtractFileExt

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✦ExtractFileName

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✦ExtractFilePath

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✦ExtractRelativePath

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✦FileAge

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✦FileDateToDateTime

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✦FileExists

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✦FileGetAttr

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✦FileGetDate

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✦FileSearch

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✦FileSetAttr

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✦FileSetDate

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✦FindFirst

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✦FindNext

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✦GetCurrentDir

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✦RemoveDir

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✦RenameFile

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✦SameFileName

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✦SetCurrentDir

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✦SetDirSeparators

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✦FindClose

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✦DoDirSeparators

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✦Io functions

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✦FileCreate

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✦FileOpen

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✦FileRead

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✦FileSeek

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✦FileTruncate

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✦FileWrite

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✦FileClose

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✦formatting strings

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✦AdjustLineBreaks

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✦FormatBuf

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✦Format

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✦FmtStr

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✦QuotedStr

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✦StrFmt

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✦StrLFmt

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✦TrimLeft

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✦TrimRight

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✦Trim

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✦System Overview

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✦unicode and codepage

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✦LowerCase

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✦UpCase

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✦GetDir

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✦MkDir

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✦ChDir

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✦RmDir

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✦Assign

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✦Erase

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✦Rename

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✦Read

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✦ReadLn

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✦Write

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✦WriteLn

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✦ReadStr

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✦WriteStr

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✦Insert

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✦Copy

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✦Delete

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✦SetString

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✦micellaneous functions

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✦Assert

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✦Break

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✦Continue

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✦Exclude

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✦Exit

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✦Include

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✦LongJmp

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✦Ord

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✦Pred

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✦SetJmp

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✦SizeOf

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✦Succ

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✦OS funtions

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✦Chdir

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✦Getdir

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✦Halt

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✦Paramcount

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✦Paramstr

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✦Mkdir

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✦Rmdir

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✦Runerror

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✦Mathematical functions

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✦Abs

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✦Arctan

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✦Cos

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✦Dec

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✦Exp

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✦Frac

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✦Hi

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✦Inc

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✦Int

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✦Ln

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✦Lo

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✦Odd

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✦Pi

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✦Random

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✦Randomize

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✦Round

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✦Sin

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✦Sqr

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✦Sqrt

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✦Swap

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✦Trunc

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✦File handling functions

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✦Append

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✦Assign

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✦Blockread

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✦Blockwrite

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✦Close

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✦Eof

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✦Eoln

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✦Erase

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✦Filepos

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✦Filesize

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✦Flush

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✦IOresult

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✦Read

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✦Readln

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✦Rename

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✦Reset

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✦Rewrite

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✦Seek

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✦SeekEof

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✦SeekEoln

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✦SetTextBuf

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✦Truncate

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✦Write

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✦WriteLn